Common Plastics We Use Every Single Day

You probably do not realize the impact that the invention of plastic has had in your life. In just 60 short years, plastics popularity has grown considerably. This is largely due to just a few reasons. They can be easily molded into a wide range of products, and they offer benefits that other materials do not. How Many Types of Plastic Are There? You may think that plastic is just plastic, but there are actually about 45 different families of plastics. In addition, each of these families can be made with hundreds of different variations. By changing different molecular factors of the plastic, they can be made with different properties, including flexibility, transparency, durability, and more. Thermoset or Thermoplastics? Plastics can all be separated into two primary categories:Â  thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermoset plastics are those that when cooled and hardened retain their shape and cannot return to original form. Durability is a benefit meaning that they can be used for tires, auto parts, aircraft parts, and more. Thermoplastics are less hard than the thermosets. They can become soft when heated and can return to their original form. They are easily molded to be formed into fibers, packaging, and films. Polyethylene Most household plastic packaging is made from polyethylene. It comes in almost 1,000 different grades. Some of the most common household items are the plastic film, bottles, sandwich bags, and even types of piping. Polyethylene can also be found in some fabrics and in mylar as well. Polystyrene Polystyrene can form a harder, impact-resistant plastic that is used for cabinets, computer monitors, TVs, utensils, and glasses. If it is heated and the air is added to the mixture, it turns into what is called EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) also known by the Dow Chemical tradename, Styrofoam. This is a lightweight rigid foam that is used for insulation and for packaging. Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon This type of plastic was developed by DuPont in 1938. The benefits of it are that it is almost frictionless on the surface and it is a stable, strong, and is a heat-resistant type of plastic. It is most commonly used in products like bearings, film, plumbing tape, cookware, and tubing, as well as waterproof coatings and films. Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC This type of plastic is durable, non-corrosive, as well as affordable. This is why it is used for pipes and plumbing. It does have one downfall, however, and that is the fact that a plasticizer has to be added to make it soft and moldable and this substance may leach out of it over a long period of time, which makes it brittle and subject to breaking. Polyvinylidene Chloride or Saran This plastic is recognized by its ability to conform to the shape of a bowl or other item. It is used mainly for films and wraps that need to be impermeable to food odors. Saran wrap is one of the most popular wraps for storing food. Polyethylene LDPE and HDPE Perhaps the most common type of plastic is polyethylene. This plastic can be separated into two different types, including low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene. The differences in them make them ideal for different uses. For example, LDPE is soft and flexible, so it is used in garbage bags, films, wraps, bottles, and disposable gloves. HDPE is a harder plastic and is used mainly in containers, but was first introduced in the hula hoop. As you can tell, the world of plastics is quite large, and getting larger with the recycling of plastics. Learning more about the different types of plastic can enable you to see that this invention has had a strong impact on the world at large. From drinking bottles to sandwich bags to pipes to cookware and more, plastic is a big part of your everyday life, no matter what type of life you lead.

Essay on Import Substitution Industrialization - 1742 Words

Around the 1930s, Brazil and Latin American began following the process of Import Substitution Industrialization, which lasted until the end of the 1980s. The ISI policies devaluated the currency in order to boost exports and discourage imports, followed by adopting different exchange rates for goods (Watkins). ISI in Brazil had an interesting effect; it created a three-prong system of governmental, private, and foreign capital being directed at the infrastructure and heavy industry, manufacturing goods, and the production of durable goods. The program worked at first but then became a serious economic problem. When the 1980s came around Brazil realized that ISI policies lead to inefficient industries because of their lack of exposure to†¦show more content†¦This helped keep the inflation low and with the high interest rates, a lot of foreign capital began to flow into the country. The government’s actions in the military dictatorship made it difficult for Brazil to a ttract foreign capital however; the Government under the Real Plan had a strong focus on the balance of payments and tried to maintain a positive influx of capital into the nation by appeasing the international public and to improve the economy (Joffe-Watt). The Real Plan helped the economy so much that it began gaining value against the US currency, however in the late 1990s the currency began to devaluate. For the Real Plan to keep working the currency had to appreciate with the economy, this would assure a constant supply of foreign capital and products that maintained the market stable. Following the Real Plan, Brazil had a minor economic downturn but after 2002, the economy has been increasing at a steady pace. The economy was able to grow around 4% in 2000, however the issues in Argentina in 2001 and the uncertainty of whom the next president would be created a confidence crisis in the economy. However in 2002 when Luis Inà ¡cio Lula da Silva (Lula) won the election most of the issues about his presidency went thrown out because of his policies. Even though Lula had very liberal policies he began making Brazil lookShow MoreRelatedImport Substitution Industrialization And East Asian Model1354 Words   |  6 Pages Essay Import Substitution Industrialization and East Asian Model After the end of the World War II the world faced the challenges of economic and social recovery. The majority of developing countries based their economies on Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI), the state-oriented approach to a trade and economic policy. ISI supports the replacement of import with domestic production in order to reduce foreign dependency. This protectionist policy dominated in developing countries, especiallyRead MoreImport Substitution Industrialization And The East Asian Model1361 Words   |  6 Pages Essay Import Substitution Industrialization and the East Asian Model After the end of the World War II the world faced the challenges of economic and social recovery. The majority of developing countries based their economies on Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI), a state-oriented approach to a trade and economic policy. ISI supports the replacement of import with domestic production in order to reduce foreign dependency. This protectionist policy dominated in developing countries, especiallyRead MoreUnderstanding Latin Americas International and Economic Relations with Import Substitution Industrialization Model1546 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzing the ISI (Import Substitution Industrialization) model, it’s benefits as well as its shortcomings, a small introduction of how it came to be and why must be provided. As a product of the 1930s economic crisis and wear and tear of the liberal model, ISI appears in Latin America as another economic option, proposed by ECLA (Economic Commission for Latin America, dependent of the UN) as a means of bringing Latin America out of stagnation and work towards industrialization to eliminate its dependencyRead MoreThe Post War Era Of Reconstruction1313 Words   |  6 Pagesapproach to economic thought was felt especially in the fledgling Latin American economies. Out of this thinking, a radical approach to increase the self sufficiency of these Latin American countries was embarked upon. The concept of Import Substitution Industrialization was pioneered to assist the Latin American countries into formulating an economy that can compete and build a better society for the citizens of their countries. The economic concept revolves around the idea of enhancing the local productionRead MoreThe Industrialization Of The World Trade Markets Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagesby means of industrialization. In doing this they developing railroads, roads, and port facilities which increased trade and profits. Because of these advancements, they were able to participate in the world trade mark ets. Some larger countries such as Brazil and Argentina grew exponentially by trading there products (coffee and wheat). After the World Wars, trade declined in world markets and Latin American governments found it necessary to practice Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI). ISIRead MoreImport Substitution1497 Words   |  6 PagesImport Substitution Industrialization (ISI) Definition Government strategy that emphasizes replacement of some agricultural or industrial imports to encourage local production for local consumption, rather than producing for export markets. Import substitutes are meant to generate employment, reduce foreign exchange demand, stimulate innovation, and make the country self-reliant in critical areas such as food, defense, and advanced technology. What Does Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)Read MorePrinciples Of Trade Policy And Import Substituition Industrialization Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesUNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF TRADE POLICY AND IMPORT SUBSTITUITION INDUSTRIALIZATION Trade Policy Trade Policy basically characterizes objectives, values, guidelines and directions which relates to interchange relations between nations. As their goal is to help the country’s international trade the policies are particular to every nation and are defined by its public authorities. Taxes imposed on import and export, assessment of rules and regulations, and duties and shares are incorporated in nationRead MoreIndia s Growth Of Domestic Market954 Words   |  4 Pagesshortcoming since there were more import goods rather than exports. Because of this flaw, there have been a lot of government’s intervention in the market. But such intervention could not fix the failure in the market and the import goods were still exceeding. This period of industrialization in Brazil is viewed as the background of the later decline of its regular commodities exports. Within the similar period, India also adopted the substitution industrialization policy. India adopted the strategyRead MoreEssay on Brazil: Embracing Globalization?1519 Words   |  7 Pagestreaties. Brazils Import Substitution Strategy After the Great Depression of the 1930s, Brazil followed an import substitution strategy characterized by massive government investment, targeting of key industries, and protection against competition with high tariffs walls. Brazils import-substitution strategy initially appeared to be a success, creating a temporary boom in the 1960s and 1970s that masked the strategys longer-term implications. Import substitution industrialization also called ISIRead MoreThe Economic Development Of China1130 Words   |  5 Pagesof export led industrialization and economic liberalization. We should recognize the success that China has had with export-led growth and want to emulate the policies that have enabled incredible economic development to occur in our neighbors to the north. Since 1991, we have taken great strides to modernize our country. But, there are still inefficiencies in our economy that need to be addressed to ensure continued economic development. Theory behind export-led industrialization: Export-led industrialization

Site Auditing

Question: What is a site audit and explain how a clinical research site must prepare for an audit? Which authorities can audit clinical trial sites? Answer: Introduction In a clinic auditing is essential as it oversees the progress of a clinical trial that takes into account the Standard Operating Procedures, Applicable regulatory as well as Good Clinical Practice (Hay, 2014). In addition to this, site auditing is also done for ensuring that the rights of the human beings are well protected or not. This assignment will be dealing with the site auditing, preparation of auditing by clinical research site and authorities that audit the clinical trial sites. Site Audit Site auditing is a systematic as well as an independent process that is concerned with the activities ad documents that are required for analyzing the data that is been recorded. It is done according to the requirements, GCP as well as sponsors SOPs (Kilgore, 2014). The auditors are the independent trial teams that are trained for auditing the clinical sites and are bounded by the regulatory bodies. The auditors are the independent trial teams that are trained for auditing the clinical sites and are bounded by the laws and rules (Mayorga, 2013). Preparation of audit by a clinical research site For auditing the clinical research site, the auditor has to do preparation that includes the following responsibility of the management, procedures regarding their adequacy, training, changing control, internal monitoring program, documentation control as well as deviations. In addition to this, Lenz and Sarens (2012) commented on the fact that the for preparation of the audit, the auditor of the clinical research site also keeps a focus on the manufacturing, labeling, packaging as well as coding of the product. The audits are so prepared that it highlights the problems of the clinical sites that are identified as well as corrected. This is because, on the basis of that the correct and preventive measures are taken for improvement of the overall quality. Apart from this, Hay and Toy (2014) had a view that the clinical site auditors also prepare audits that includes the essential documents. These include the brochure of the investigator, signed protocols, and financial aspects, amendm ents, insurance statement etc. that are essential in the auditing function. The essential documents contain case report forms, signed sheets, corrections of CRF, identification of code list, serious reports of adverse events etc (Ramanan, 2014). Along with this, Litt et al. (2013) had an opinion that the certifications of the labs, the regulatory authorization of the authorities, normal value of the laboratory tests etc ate also included in the preparation of the audit report by the clinical site. According to Bigus (2012) the requirements such as shipping records, the trial site accountability, certificates regarding the analysis of the shipped products are also explained thoroughly. The research audit of the clinical site also contains the information regarding the laboratory test. This includes the receipt as well as storage of samples, qualification of the instruments that are required and the methods of handling the solutions and the reagents. Daff (2012) commented that keeping all these information in mind, the other requirements needed are the computerized systems that is necessary for maintenance, achieving, retrieving as well as transmitting the data. This also takes into account the security of the system, traceabi lity, retention capabilities, validation status etc. Moreover for a successful preparation of the audit, the clinical site also needs to have a strong data backup system, contingency plans, recovery system as well as personnel training system (Hay, 2014). Another major issue that is included in the audit report is the safety measures that the clinical sites has undertaken for the safety of the doctors, nurses and other medical and non-medical staffs and patients. Moreover the integrity of data s well as maintenance of proper database is also essential to maintain. Authorities that audits clinical trial sites The clinical trial sites have a handful of authorities that audits the clinical trial sites for verifying the accuracy rate as well as reliability of the data that are submitted by the agency. The FDA investigator oversees whether the clinic is complied with the rules and regulations during its operation (Kilgore, 2014). In addition to this, The Department of Health and Human Services (OHRP), the sponsors, the Cooperative groups and IRBs are the authorities that are responsible for auditing the clinical trial sites. These concerned groups are concerned about the safety, ethics and maintenance of clinical standard within the clinics (Hay and Toy, 2014). Conclusion This assignment has discussed vividly regarding the site auditing, the authorities that are concerned with it the preparations of the clinical sites for getting themselves prepared for auditing. The system, documentation as well as maintaining the clinical sites to operate ethically are also discussed. References Bigus, J. (2012). Vague Auditing Standards and Ambiguity Aversion. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice Theory, 31(3), pp.23-45. Daff, L. (2012). The ethics application. Acc Auditing Accountability J, 25(3), pp.570-571. Hay, D. (2014). Auditing, International Auditing and the International Journal of Auditing: Editorial. International Journal of Auditing, 18(1), pp.1-1. Hay, D. and Toy, A. (2014). Privacy Auditing Standards. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice Theory, p.141231081701003. Kilgore, A. (2014). Audit quality. Managerial Auditing Journal, 29(9). Lenz, R. and Sarens, G. (2012). Reflections on the internal auditing profession: what might have gone wrong?. Managerial Auditing Journal, 27(6), pp.532-549. Litt, B., Sharma, D. and Sharma, V. (2013). Environmental initiatives and earnings management. Managerial Auditing Journal, 29(1), pp.76-106. Mayorga, D. (2013). Managing continuous disclosure: Australian evidence. Acc Auditing Accountability J, 26(7), pp.1135-1169. Ramanan, R. (2014). Corporate Governance, Auditing, and Reporting Distortions. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 29(3), pp.306-339.

The Tempest Final Essay Example For Students

The Tempest Final Essay Shakespeare embraces the relationship between master and slave in his play The Tempest. The characters Prospero and Caliban portray conflicts and complexities of authority. As one gains power, the other loses it. In the play, Prospero rises to power, while Caliban loses it. The legitimacy of Prosperos authority over Caliban is, however, questionable. What gives Prospero the power over Caliban? What are the reasons that Caliban should obey his masters orders? These questions can be answered through investigating the possession of the island, the justice of punishing Caliban, and Prosperos right to use or abuse his power. One of the reasons for Calibans defiance towards Prospero is the fact that he believes the island that they are on to be his, but to have been stolen by Prospero. This islands mine by Sycorax my mother, / Which thou takst from me (1. 2. 331). Caliban feels as though he has been taken advantage of. When Prospero first comes to the island, he is kind to Caliban, and in return, Caliban shows him the secrets of the island. When thou camst first, Thou strokst me and made much of me; wouldst give me Water with berries int, and teach me how To name the bigger light and how the less, We will write a custom essay on The Tempest Final specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now That burn by day and night; and then I loved thee, And showed thee all the qualities oth isle, The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile (1. 2. 332-8) This is Prosperos ploy to use Caliban to learn the secrets of the island. Once he knows all the qualities of the island, he no longer needs Calibans knowledge and thus enslaves him and uses him as free labor. Caliban despises Prospero and Mirandas efforts to educate him and to help him. To him, they are all part of the deception. Prospero believes otherwise and feels as though Caliban owes him for his generosity. Caliban is the first one to inhabit the island. When Prospero comes to the island he assumes possession of the island to be his. Along with the possession of the island he assumes control of whatever and whoever inhabits the island. This trend is also seen in the numerous accounts of European settlers voyaging to the New World and capturing the natives to use them as slaves. Antonio Vieira, a Jesuit father, condemned this and believed that it was Gods will for slaves to be free and anyone who takes away ones freedom should go to hell. He quotes, Any man who deprives others of their freedom and being able to restore that freedom does not do so is condemned (from Vieiras Sermon Condemning Indian Slavery). Prospero robs Caliban of his island and of his freedom. He has the ability to restore Calibans freedom and island, yet he does not. The innocence of Caliban, however, can also be questioned. Prospero does not enslave him without reason. He demands service from Caliban on the basis that he attempts to rape his daughter. till though didst seek to violate / The honour of my child (1. . 344). Prosperos argument is that he tries to educate Caliban and to help him, but in return, Caliban tries to take advantage of his daughter. Servitude is thus Prosperos way for Caliban to pay penance. Indeed, Caliban should be punished for his wrongdoing, but whether Prospero should do it and how much punishment is deserved is not for Prospero to decide. In present day, when a felon is caught for attempted rape, he is punished and serves time in prison. He may have to do services and live in poor conditions. .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 , .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 .postImageUrl , .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 , .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37:hover , .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37:visited , .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37:active { border:0!important; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37:active , .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37 .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u992de7bd3ca6f6fd9a0947698a856d37:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dramatic Significance EssayHowever, the government consisting of numerous people decides these sentences. True, in Prosperos time and place, it may have been the business of the victim to punish the criminal; however, Prosperos punishment for Caliban is not entirely for justice, but also for his advantage. The purpose for prison sentences is for justice and for the correction of the criminal. Prosperos sentence was not of this purpose. Authority is defined as one who has acquired power over another. In this play, Prospero is the one who holds all the power. This power that he holds comes not from exceptional governing abilities or brute strength, but out of his supernatural powers. He is able to control Caliban and to force him to serve him by using his magical powers. Without his supernatural powers, he would have no power over Caliban. This authority that Prospero holds over Caliban is not through love, but instead through fear. Prospero threatens Caliban if he does not obey: For this be sure tonight thou shalt have cramps, Side-stitches that shall pen thy breath up. Urchins Shall, for that vast of night that they may work, All exercise on thee. Thou shalt be pinched As thick as honeycomb, each pinch more stinging Than bees that made em. (1. 2. 324-9) These threats are harsh and cruel and make it very hard for Caliban to disobey. These consequences are difficult for anybody to endure. The only reason Caliban obeys is because he is afraid of the things that Prospero will do to him if he disobeys. He does not obey Prospero because he loves him but because he fears him. Prospero uses his powers unjustly against a defenseless Caliban. He is able to enslave Caliban because he cannot fight back. Caliban obeys not out of choice but out of fear. Prospero usurps his power from Caliban and abuses it. Many conflicts of authority are present when there is a master and slave relationship. The Tempest by Shakespeare illustrates a master/slave relationship between Prospero and Caliban in which power and authority is fought over. Prospero is the master and Caliban is the slave. These positions are not the results of chance but rather a result of force. Prospero robs Calibans island and claims it to be his own. He then robs his freedom and forces him to serve him. His justification for doing so, is that Caliban attempts to rape his daughter and that he should pay penance for it; however, his punishment is not legitimate because it is for selfish reasons not for justice. And the only reason that Prospero has any control over Caliban is through his supernatural powers, which he abuses. Prospero the master enslaves the helpless Caliban and deprives him of his freedom and according to the Jesuit Father, Antonio Vieira, Prospero should be condemned to hell.