Charismatic Leader Essay

This type of leadership holds a lot of power. In both productive and counterproductive respects. The rhetoric employed to effectively carry out charismatic leadership acts as a double edged sword. While it is true that a message delivered in a charismatic manner inspires the followers to implement it with a lot of fervor, but in this same zest, there are a lot of important issues that are overlooked and lots of questions ignored. This entails problems when the charisma delivers its desired results, but they still leave a sour taste in the mouth. In my professional career, I have not encountered charismatic leadership neither in the top echelons of power nor in the middle management slots. However, most of us have been affected, and even wowed, by the charismatic skills of Barack Obama, while running for the US Presidency in 2008. Inspirational rhetoric, exceptional oratory skills and narcissistic excellence were expertly deployed towards millions of people. Perhaps in our lifetimes, it has proven to be a living, breathing example of pure, unadulterated charisma. It was a need of the time and a result of the disillusionment with the last 8 years. But, the cynicism that perhaps was put in the back seat during this process, made a comeback in the last two years, where more and more people have grown disillusioned by the lack of actual, and perceived, objectives being achieved. The overhyped expectations that are, in effect, created by charismatic leadership, eventually end up hampering its own effects, even though the results achieved might be significant. In the spirit of double edged swords, narcissism fits the bill perfectly. Excessive traits of this personality type have officially been diagnosed as a psychological disorder, whereas a good mix of those same qualities supposedly makes a great leader. From my personal experience, there has been a lot more interaction with unproductive narcissists, as compared to the productive ones. Charismatic leadership is an outward focusing theory, but since being confident and thoughtful requires a thorough understanding of one’s own self, unless it is coupled innately with authenticity, there would continue to be major loopholes in its implementation. As is the case with most leadership theories, the situational context of the company or market matter deeply. Charismatic leadership is the need of the hour during turbulent times and thus ends up being encouraged and nurtured. However, during mature and stable market times, charisma tends to be counter-productive and pointless. Also, since narcissistic leaders tend to believe undoubtedly in their vision, not taking into account the ideas put forward by others, it can become self-destructive for companies. This leadership theory, more than others, needs to be deployed with a lot of care and consideration.

Human Genetic Engineering

I will be discussing the controversial topic of human genetic engineering and its pros and cons from a biological and social point of view while also trying to answer the question â€Å"Should human genetic engineering be legal. † Genes control health and disease, as well as human traits and behavior. Researchers are Just beginning to use genetic technology to unravel the secrets to these phenotypes (observable trait caused by a gene). They are also discovering a range of other potential applications for this technology.For instance, ongoing advances make it more and more likely that scientists will soon be able to genetically engineer humans to have certain desired traits (this is already done on mice). Of course, the possibility of human genetic engineering raises a number of ethical and legal questions, although such questions almost never have a clear and straight forward answer. The research of bioethics, sociologists, anthropologists, and other social scientists can tell us about how different citizens, cultures, and religions view the moral boundaries or the uses of human genetic engineering.If human genetic modification Is fully legalized It will be done on the early, early stages of reproduction: from when It Is Just a sperm and an egg to the fetus stage, maybe a slight amount later. At this point of time It Is only legal to perform two types of â€Å"advance reproductive technologies† on humans. The first Is foretelling the egg with sperm In a test tube. This is used to determine the sex and what genes the baby will have, therefore knowing if using a different sperm/egg will be a better choice since one of the genes n the first tested set might be a genetic disease or the parents might prefer a different sex.The second technique is much like the first. Embryos for a genetic disease; only selected embryos are implanted back into the mother's womb. This is called â€Å"Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis. † Now I will discuss what go od can come of legalizing human genetic engineering. Really the most useful application of human genetic engineering is preventing hereditary diseases, disabilities and defects/doodlers. Examples include: Down syndrome, Diabetes, color blindness and even allergies.Stopping these diseases/doodlers before the baby Is even born can help prevent a lot of Issues from happening In the child's future and can possibly save lives. Eventually the disease/disorder will die out because the gene has been removed from the generations making it unable to be passed down. Another application could involve stimulating muscle growth/brain development in turn making the child more athletic or more brainy also changing your child's physical features and traits, such as eye color and hair color.Now for the bad: Although changing your child's physical traits, deciding to make them more muscular or more smart can seem like a good thing to a some people it is also viewed as a bad thing to some people. Thing s like â€Å"a perfect race† could arise from these problems, or â€Å"baby trends,† where it Is trendier that year for your kids to have blonde hair then It Is for them to have black or blue eyes rather than green. This Is generally the topic that Is the most talked amongst the public when discussing human genetic engineering.Other social Issues can be raised such as It Is against â€Å"gods will,† countries creating super human soldiers, countries becoming more like the class system e: people who run business, there is also the issue of the child not having the choice to be genetically modified, the individuality of humans and coasts of genetically modifying also comes into play, such as, can only the rich afford it? From a biological point of view genetic modification could eventually make some genes â€Å"extinct† in a way, where they are no longer needed/deemed useless or maybe they â€Å"go out of fashion.In my opinion, I think that genetic modific ation in humans should be legal, but should only be used for hereditary diseases, disabilities and disorders which help the child but things like letting the parent chose the child's traits do not help the child and he/she also loses their individuality. Also there is the fact that the child doesn't have a choice at what the parents will make them look like. Changing the traits of a child through genetic engineering does not benefit the child and only pleases the parents. InConclusion to this essay, there is a high chance that human genetic engineering will be available soon and when it does it will be a very controversial issue, both on a biological and a social point of view. Most social issues come from a negative stand point and are mainly on the regulation of it (coasts, who can use it, what countries can do with it). There is no straight forward answer to the question of should human genetic modification be legal. Although there is a large amount of health benefits, the negati ve social issues may outweigh them. Word Count: 839 Human Genetic Engineering I will be discussing the controversial topic of human genetic engineering and its pros and cons from a biological and social point of view while also trying to answer the question â€Å"Should human genetic engineering be legal. † Genes control health and disease, as well as human traits and behavior. Researchers are Just beginning to use genetic technology to unravel the secrets to these phenotypes (observable trait caused by a gene). They are also discovering a range of other potential applications for this technology.For instance, ongoing advances make it more and more likely that scientists will soon be able to genetically engineer humans to have certain desired traits (this is already done on mice). Of course, the possibility of human genetic engineering raises a number of ethical and legal questions, although such questions almost never have a clear and straight forward answer. The research of bioethics, sociologists, anthropologists, and other social scientists can tell us about how different citizens, cultures, and religions view the moral boundaries or the uses of human genetic engineering.If human genetic modification Is fully legalized It will be done on the early, early stages of reproduction: from when It Is Just a sperm and an egg to the fetus stage, maybe a slight amount later. At this point of time It Is only legal to perform two types of â€Å"advance reproductive technologies† on humans. The first Is foretelling the egg with sperm In a test tube. This is used to determine the sex and what genes the baby will have, therefore knowing if using a different sperm/egg will be a better choice since one of the genes n the first tested set might be a genetic disease or the parents might prefer a different sex.The second technique is much like the first. Embryos for a genetic disease; only selected embryos are implanted back into the mother's womb. This is called â€Å"Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis. † Now I will discuss what go od can come of legalizing human genetic engineering. Really the most useful application of human genetic engineering is preventing hereditary diseases, disabilities and defects/doodlers. Examples include: Down syndrome, Diabetes, color blindness and even allergies.Stopping these diseases/doodlers before the baby Is even born can help prevent a lot of Issues from happening In the child's future and can possibly save lives. Eventually the disease/disorder will die out because the gene has been removed from the generations making it unable to be passed down. Another application could involve stimulating muscle growth/brain development in turn making the child more athletic or more brainy also changing your child's physical features and traits, such as eye color and hair color.Now for the bad: Although changing your child's physical traits, deciding to make them more muscular or more smart can seem like a good thing to a some people it is also viewed as a bad thing to some people. Thing s like â€Å"a perfect race† could arise from these problems, or â€Å"baby trends,† where it Is trendier that year for your kids to have blonde hair then It Is for them to have black or blue eyes rather than green. This Is generally the topic that Is the most talked amongst the public when discussing human genetic engineering.Other social Issues can be raised such as It Is against â€Å"gods will,† countries creating super human soldiers, countries becoming more like the class system e: people who run business, there is also the issue of the child not having the choice to be genetically modified, the individuality of humans and coasts of genetically modifying also comes into play, such as, can only the rich afford it? From a biological point of view genetic modification could eventually make some genes â€Å"extinct† in a way, where they are no longer needed/deemed useless or maybe they â€Å"go out of fashion.In my opinion, I think that genetic modific ation in humans should be legal, but should only be used for hereditary diseases, disabilities and disorders which help the child but things like letting the parent chose the child's traits do not help the child and he/she also loses their individuality. Also there is the fact that the child doesn't have a choice at what the parents will make them look like. Changing the traits of a child through genetic engineering does not benefit the child and only pleases the parents. InConclusion to this essay, there is a high chance that human genetic engineering will be available soon and when it does it will be a very controversial issue, both on a biological and a social point of view. Most social issues come from a negative stand point and are mainly on the regulation of it (coasts, who can use it, what countries can do with it). There is no straight forward answer to the question of should human genetic modification be legal. Although there is a large amount of health benefits, the negati ve social issues may outweigh them. Word Count: 839

A Detailed Lesson Plan in MAPEH Essay

Before we start with our lesson for Today, let us have first an action songentitled â€Å"Its I who build community†Ready?Yes sir!Okay, let us do it all  together.Its I ( 3x) who build community(4x)*You*WeRoll over the ocean, roll over the seaRoll over the ocean and the deep blue sea.(The students willdo the action song)Very good!Do you like it?Yes sir! 2. Review Class, what was our lesson lastmeeting? Sir, our lesson last meetingwas all about the meaning,source and form of drugs.Very good! Where does the term drugderived?The term drug derivedfrom the Dutch word droog  which means dry.Well said! What do you mean by theword drug in the filed of medicine? In the field of medicine, drug  is any chemicalsubstance intended for use indiagnosis, cure, mitigation,treatment and prevention of diseases in animals. 3. Motivation Class, I am going to show you a short video clip.What you are going to do is to observe andafterwards I’m going to ask your reactions basedfrom the video presented.Am I understood class?Yes, sir!Now, what have had you observed fromthe video presented?We observed that the personsuffered a severe headache,He is hallucinating andexperienced difficulty inbreathing.What do you think are the reasons whythese particular situations happen?These situations happenbecause of the effects of taking or abusing drugs.Very good! B. Developmental Activities1. Presentation This morning, we are going to discussall about the classification of drugs according touse and effect. a. Setting of Standards But before that, what will you do while yourteacher is discussing in front?Listen, behave, sitproperly, understandthe lesson, cooperate,and participate.Can I expect that from you?Yes, sir! 2. Lesson Proper Class, I will group you into three. This willbe the group 1, 2 and 3. I have here some strips/photocopied materials containing the three classificationof drugs according to uses and effect. All you have to dois to discuss the topic, note/lists and write the importantdetails on your manila paper.Am I understood?Yes, sir!I will give you 5 minutes to do it. After yourgroup discussion, you are going to select 1 representativeto report it in the  class.Am I understood?Yes, sir!Go to your respective groups now. GROUP 1GROUP 2GROUP 3 Teacher supervises his students in every group.Students report what they have had discussed in their group.Teacher gives additional information and makes some clarifications asregards to the topic presented. IV. Evaluation In a  ½ crosswise of pad paper, explain briefly.1. What are the effects of abusing stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogensto:a. oneself b. familyc. community V. Assignment Have an advance reading about the topic â€Å"Prevention of drug abuse†.MAPEH-I textbook, pp. 378-380

Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Economics - Research Paper Example Immigration of Chinese to the U.S. proved one of the very important points in this economic shift. Impact of Chinese immigration to U.S over decline of Michigan furniture market cannot be denied. Plafker (2008) discussed how important it has become for the local/domestic U.S. furniture market to add value to its products. To remain competitive, the market needs to outsource less and become more productive in their own efforts. Plafker (2008) noted that while historically, the furniture industry in Michigan had thrived on local timber, most manufacturers had been forced to scale back or close down completely due to a lack of innovation and diversification within their manufacturing processes. Usually due to economic, political or social reasons, people from one country move to another country for permanent residence. This phenomenon is called as immigration. Looking at the map of immigration trend in the world, it is obvious that most of the immigration in last few decades have been from the most densely populated region of the world to the world’s most economically stable region. The immigration has been frequent to the extent that it has increased the competition for jobs and unemployment to the level that the shift of whole economic activities and industries can be seen from older region of dominance to newer ones. Taking the case of Michigan furniture industry, it can be seen that most of the profitable ventures related to Michigan based furniture industry are now operational in China. As the map shows, even in the recent years, the trend has been of migration from China, to the U.S and not other way round. As a result, Chinese work force has literally taken over the U.S work force, especially considering the point that Chinese have the capability of offering economy of scale at the best possible level in this world. The world economy has changed in the 21st century and so is the furniture industry. At present 70% of

Air transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Air transport - Essay Example How would people get to these destinations? Since most people cannot walk to any of these destinations and both Cuba and Hawaii are islands so driving is an impossibility, without airports, airlines and planes visiting any of destinations would be next to impossible. Airlines have rejuvenated the tourism industry and contributed to the globalization of the tourist trade. Without airlines this industry were be remarkably different and would not be the lucrative global industry that it has now become. Airlines give us unparalleled choice in the vacations we choose and commercial flight operators are the backbone of the dynamic tourist trade. Seeking to understand structure of the airline industry through a holistic analysis, this research paper identify three innovations brought by the major carriers in the 1980s and discuss how these innovations have changed the structure of the airline industry. This early section will be descriptive and will describe the major changes put forth by the most important airline players in the 1980s and will explore how these changes in fact contributed to the dramatic alteration of an industry which has always been in a state of flux and evolution. Following this analysis, the second component of this research paper will be prescriptive in nature and will discuss how the structure of the airline industry will change in the next 10 years. The bulk of this assignment will explore the future if the airline industry; by looking at the major issues facing the global airline industry in the future we will help provide solutions to the major challenges facing this dynamic industry. In the context of the United States, the deregulation of the airline industry set the stage for the complete transformation of the American airline industry. Accordingly in 1978, US President Jimmy Carter signed the Airline Deregulation Act, a United States federal law which paved the way for major changes to the airline industry in the United

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Review - Article Example Luke (2012) discusses the extent to which organizations can support entrepreneurial behavior and innovation by suggesting the importance of paying attention to the concept. Besides, the paper critiques some of the barriers the author identifies as constraints to ensuring entrepreneurship and innovation. In addition, this paper critiques the proposed components of an organizations innovative behavior as well as crucial factors for the creatiion of corporate entrepreneurship. Finally, it is imperative to review some of the recommendations that the author proposes as fostering innovation and entrepreneurship behavior. The main objective of this article is to bring to light some of the factors and elements that foster corporate entrepreneurship and innovation in an organization. On the other hand, the article explains how modern businesses can manage the competition in the global economy by focusing on flexibility, adaptability, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and innovativeness. All of the above are elements of entrepreneurship thus the article rather presents some of the conditions that favor corporate entrepreneurship and innovation. Nonetheless, the article illustrates the nature of corporate entrepreneurship and innovativeness in the modern economic environment where issues like imitation and theft to intellectual property can hinder efforts to stay competitiveness. Moreover, the article offers advice to small and large businesses in the need to create organizational culture that foster proper management of small ideas since they are the basis of corporate entrepreneurship and innova tion. Finally, Luke summarizes by stating some distinct recommendations on how organizations can create and nurture innovative behaviors among its employees. Luke begins by defining corporate entrepreneurship as a process of that gathers resources for the purpose of implementing various innovative activities result in the production of new

Home owrk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Home owrk - Essay Example come, the welfare workers treat them like criminals and subject them to myriad tests and investigations; ostensibly to prevent fraud but serve to dehumanize them more. The sad case of Al Szekeley, a veteran who is arrested for being homeless despite the fact that he has no home to go to and has to sleep outside. Ehrenreich examines several causes of poverty such as recession, which leave poor people venerable to harassment and ill health since they cannot afford health insurance. In addition, this results in an increased dependency on the governmental support through welfare. Injuries may also be a cause of poverty for instance Al Szekeley who was turned destitute by a wound obtained, ironically in defense of his country. This rendered him an easy target for brutal overenthusiastic police officers (Ehrenreic, 2011). The writer proposed that to deal with the problem of poverty the best solution is to avoid doing things that cause people to remain poor furthermore; the authorities should also avoid criminalizing the poor. In my opinion, the writer makes a valid point because poverty has often being associated with crime and poor people are often unfairly treated. If people were paid well for the jobs they did and were not discriminated by virtue of their economic class, the connection between poverty and crime may stop looking so

The Risks, Costs, and Benefits of Consumer Loan Options and Steps Research Paper

The Risks, Costs, and Benefits of Consumer Loan Options and Steps Needed To Control Costs - Research Paper Example 1.1.2 Cost of Consumer Loans There are a number of costs associated with consumer loans. These include interest, carrying charges and installment price. Before banks issues loan facility to customers, there should be a clear calculation on the amount of money to be recovered on installments basis, as well as, the amount of interest payable. All these are dependent on the amount of loan offered to the customer, the repayment period, income of the customer and interest rates as set by the financial institution. 1.1.3 Benefits of Consumer Loans One of the benefits of consumer loans is that it helps in servicing short term financial needs such as home improvements, vacations, emergency bills and wedding. It is also considered to offer security to customers. So long as an individual have acceptable credit history, the person becomes eligible for consumer loans. Similarly, a person can also use consumer loan facilities to clear previous debts thus helps in improving credit rating. Consumer loans can be used in asset acquisition. In addition, no security or collateral is required in this form of loan facility. Given that it does not require referees and other collaterals, consumer loan application takes shorter time. Finally, people poor credit history also offered the opportunity to access consumer loan facilities. 1.1.4 Steps Needed To Control Costs Consumer Loans. One of the initial steps in controlling cost of consumer loans is by adopting positive spending behavior and controlling both short term and long term personal expenditures.

Ethical Dimensions of Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Dimensions of Health Care - Essay Example this case, the patient tells the doctor that her belief system allows no blood transfusion of which the doctor agreed to respect that faith and will do no transfusion as agreed in accordance to the patient’s belief system. The risks are known and the agreement was made. The principle of informed consent bind me to the agreement made based on the disclosed information of the patient and informing her of the risk. The risk may be greater but the alternative also has risk. The patient is specific and she knows what she would go through. In this case where risk cannot be discounted, the most prudent and humane thing to do is to follow the patient’s request. The doctor can dissuade informing her of the risks involved, but in the end, it is the patient’s decision that must prevail and respected. My conscience will haunt me if I will not follow our agreement and did transfusion which violated her religious faith and then she died. On the other hand, the patient will also not like and will likely sue me with the danger of losing my license if I did the transfusion and she lived. She will also be haunted by her conscience because her faith was violated and my purpose as a physician is defeated because she did not like the way I did the

Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Consumer Behavior - Essay Example 10 billion (Consumer Electronics, 2010). The market offers unique opportunities for cutting-edge consumer electronic products by serving as a platform for research & development on technology and by providing the business infrastructure to stimulate and capitalize on the concept of innovation. The citizens of UK spend more on innovative electronic products compared to any other EU country. These products include mobile handsets, HD-ready TVs and Blu-Ray players. Due to its promotions in consumer electronics UK is renowned for its innovations in engineering, electronic designs and optoelectronics as it serves a hub for the technological excellence in consumer electronics. Company Overview Meituxian (Guangzhou) Electronics Co. Ltd is a privately owned company, with its head office in Guangzhou China. The company is renowned to be high-tech enterprise with keen focus on R&D, manufacturing, sales and after sales service of its range of LCD TVs. The company has patented products which inc lude: Wardrobe LCD TV, Waterproof Mirror LCD TV, Network LCD TV and Hotel LCD TV. Since its inception in the year 2005 the company has managed to maintain a close collaboration, integrating technology exchange with domestic enterprises. The company now has well equipped facility and a high-speed automated production line. The company maintains a quality standard and adheres to ISO 9001 for the standardization of its production operations, thus ensuring to deliver high-quality products to the customer. This is quality consciousness is entrusted to the employees as â€Å"quality is the life of an enterprise†, thus bringing out the best quality in the company brand â€Å"MEIXIAN†. The company also believes in delivering technologically efficient after-sales service adhering to the philosophy of â€Å"Thoughtful, Dedicated, and Adequate† that is the preferences of the customers thus delivering more customer-centric service in order to maximize customer satisfaction (MEITUXIAN) Product Meituxian Electronics has had first-movers advantage in the industry by introducing its state-of-the art technical and innovative TV Ranges to the market. Its huge product range of LED and LCD TVs incorporates a combination of innovation and advanced technology with its integrated features. MEIXIAN TV Meituxian’s Meixian TV integrates IPTV (Internet Protocol TV) with regular TV functions. It is the TV that integrates internet and access to web channels, unlike the other TVs that have internet portal, Meixian’s service is a lot more comprehensive. It gives access to various internet channels including YouTube application, media streaming from other networks and social networking sites such as twitter and facebook on the TV screen.   The network can be accessed through a cable or a WiFi dongle that can be plugged into the USB port. The network setup is easy and user-friendly and the remote has a dedicated button to access the internet. The Aesthetic s are the ultimate feature of the TV that combine the domestic specialties

Human nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human nature - Essay Example The researcher has established the premise that human nature serves as the amalgamation of the features of goodness and evil, which overcome each other on the foundation of various resistible and irresistible circumstances, and hence lead to the development of human nature. The term human nature simply refers to the features and characteristics attributed to human perception, thought, feelings, emotions and sentiments; all of which are reflected in the actions, reactions and behavior of the individuals while entering into interaction with their social, natural and physical environment at large. Such patterns of behavior not only influence their individual life, but also leaves indelible imprints on the collective life of the members of society and culture one belongs to. Consequently, the social norms and cultural values mirror the traits and characteristics observed by human nature. Psychologists, theorists and researchers have always been interested in exploring the human nature and the foundations on which it appears to be erecting (Liebert & Spiegler 6). Some of them view human nature to be the mixture of the qualities man inherits from both of the parents, on which the individual does not maintain any control altogether; on the other hand, some of the theorists strongly declare the physical surroundings and social environment to be responsible for all the activities man is involved into. Hence, proper education and adequate training can introduce imperative alterations in human personality, where a deviant could be taught the manners of leading a law-abiding and sophisticated life. Consequently, nature-nurture debate has always been the moot point for the scholars, philosophers, intellectuals and religious leaders for centuries. While discussing Islamic perception with regards to human nature, it becomes evident that Islam lays stress upon both nature and nurture,

The Reality of the Truth Essay Example for Free

The Reality of the Truth Essay What exactly is the truth? Is it reality, sincerity, integrity? Is it accuracy and honesty? How can we tell the difference between the truth and lies? Why does the media have the power to decide for us what is true? As Oscar Wilde once said The truth is rarely pure and never simple. This statement sums up the difficulties of telling the truth, and this is furthermore shown in Rob Sitch et als Frontline, Lies by Michael Leunig and the poem Nothing to Report by May Herschel Clarke. The television show Frontline follows the day to day running of a current affairs show. It shows both on and off air aspects of what people involved with television go though on a daily basis. Mike Moore (Rob Sitch) plays the naive host of the show, who seems to think the whole world revolves around him. An example of this is when Emma sarcastically thanks him for helping with a story and he says Thats ok. Brian is the executive manager of the show and he ultimately decides what is shown on the show and what isnt. Brooke is another reporter who uses deception and manipulation to present the truth. Emma does work behind the scenes and often she should be credited, but the reporters need their ego maintained so she is never recognised for her hard work. Marty is another reporter who has been in the business for a long time, and although he knows about Frontline presenting the incorrect truth, he does nothing to stop them. Like all current affairs shows, the team at Frontline are concerned with gaining ratings every night, rather than telling the real truth to people. One example of this is during the episode Add sex and stir where Brooke interviews a woman booted off her sports team because she wasnt a lesbian. This in fact is not the truth because she was kicked off the team due to her poor form, not her sexuality. Viewers are then manipulated into thinking that the sport is a lesbian sport, and the reputations of the team and sport are ruined. Marty sums up this sensationalising of real truth in one quote, Ancient current affairs recipe my grandmother gave me, you take any story, add sex and stir (Marty, Add sex and stir) Dismissal of the real truth is another technique that the current affairs show Frontline uses to gain ratings. In the episode We aint got dames, Mike wishes to do a story on illegal sweatshops, but Brian dismisses it as being too heavy for the viewers. After much persuasion, Mike thinks he has convinced Brian to show his story (because his ego has finally been satisfied), but the story ends up being a fashion show, totally insulting any work that Mike has done. Although this story did attract more viewers than the sweatshop story would have, it only promotes the fact that viewers lack in knowledge about the real current issues, and they need to show pretty people with bright lights to get their attention. There are many techniques used in Frontline which expose the manipulation that current affairs shows go through to gain ratings. Irony is shown in the episode The siege, where Brooke asks Mrs. Forbes to sign a contract so only frontline can report her story because, Some shows are very unscrupulous (Brooke, The Seige) Brooke says not to give the story to other stations because they might twist her story around to bring out a point she wasnt making, but the irony was that their show was doing exactly that. Use of a handheld camera behind the scenes of the current affairs show can bring out the truth behind the lies, what we see on television may not be true in real life. This applies to Mike in the episode Add sex and stir where he is on Burkes Backyard. He is asked questions about current affairs and does not know how to answer them, then tries to defend himself by asking Burke about plants but he knows everything about them. Although he is shown as an intelligent and well presented man on television, in real life he doesnt know anything. This is also seen when Mike takes part in an ABC debate, but during his introduction all of his material is said and Mike doesnt have anything good to say, which shows that he is not a good speaker in person as he is behind the desk. There is also use of verisimilitude in the show Frontline, with many real media personalities being on the show to make it seem more realistic in telling the truth. Examples of these celebrities are Harry M Miller, Cheryl Kernot, and Bert Newton. The cartoon Lies by Michael Leunig also exposes that the media manipulates and distorts the truth, so it really is presented to us as a lie or the untruth. The cartoon shows people living in their world, but everything has the label lies on it. The billboard which says lies shows that many companies engage in deceptive advertising, and although they arent supposed to do that, they still convince people to buying their products. The newspaper titled lies shows that journalists write from their own perspective and can distort the truth to suit their opinions. The person wearing the lies shirt shows that behind brand name corporations there are lies. An example of this is making clothing in sweatshops then selling it for triple the price of what its really worth (like Nike shoes) and people are paying top dollar just to wear a symbol, which supposedly brings them into an elite group of people, but really they are just lying to themselves. The point Michael Leunig is trying to make is enforced through the main technique of repetition. The word lies is seen 11 times in the comic, and it is the only word on the cartoon. If lies was only mentioned once, many people would not take notice of it, but since it is printed on the billboard, buildings, truck, newspaper, shirt and drink, it shows that lies are everywhere and it really is a big issue. Like the television series Frontline, this cartoon exposes that the world we live in is full of lies and deception, and the media controls what we see and listen to. It is their opinion what we believe, and many people, rather than refuting what is being presented to them in the media, just believe it and keep going with their lives. The poem Nothing to Report by May Herschel Clarke is written during the war times (1940s). During this time, leaders of the country were trying to convince people to fight overseas as a soldier, with hope of coming back as a brave hero. For this heroic image to come to light, anything negative about death in the war would have to be shielded from the people, or else they wouldnt enlist. Ms Clarkes poem targets this issue, talking about how easily death can come, One minute we was laughin next he lays beside me, grinnin dead. After the death, the papers had nothing to report; therefore they were with holding the truth from people. May Herschel Clarke couldnt possibly have been the only one with a death not reported, but no one else seemed to be doing anything about it, because the media has always been very powerful. The poem is written in colloquial language, which could reflect on her education, upbringing or location. This could also be written in that style to follow a rhyming sequence. The last line is a metaphor which shows that the paper is such an effective form of communication, it might as well be a person. Theres nothin to report the papers said This text is very similar to the television series Frontline, in trying to expose the media in its with holding and distortion of the truth. Another example in frontline of withholding the truth is during the episode This night of nights where Mike wishes to do a story about Telecom tapping into phone conversations, but seeing as they are a major sponsor of the television show, frontline cant expose the truth, and give Mike a mobile phone to help him forget about it. If this truth was exposed, telecom would have received many complaints and much abuse, but they would have deserved it. Instead there are still people at home not suspecting a thing. In the end Mike is disadvantaged from not pursuing the story because they listen to his phone conversation about being caught drink driving, and expose him in the newspapers. In the poem Nothing to report, the last line sums up that the media does with hold information and it shouldnt be their right to decide what we see or dont see. Telling the truth is a hard concept to deal with. From the texts Frontline (Rob Sitch et. al. ), Lies by Michael Leunig and Nothing to Report by May. Herschel Clarke we can see that the media does control what we see and believe, but it isnt necessarily the truth. Why does the media have the power to decide what is true? Well if they presented us the facts and let us decide for ourselves, they wouldnt have ratings. We are surrounded by the media (as seen in lies) and it is hard for us to ignore it all. The truth is rarely pure and never simple, in listening to the truth there is always some form of bias, but we must leave it to ourselves to find out many versions of the so called truth and decide for ourselves what we believe. Thank you.

Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis

Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis Kaitlyn Elliot Values and Principles Case Study Bob is 65 and has had multiple sclerosis for 15 years. He has a wheelchair and drives a specially adapted car. He lives with his wife, Jean, in a cottage in the country and they have always been involved in several community and church activates. Jean is Bobs main carer and although Bob is quite independent, Jean tends to do everything for him. Last month Jean had a slight stroke which left her with a right sided weakness and some speech difficulties that she finds frustrating. She cannot walk without a walking frame and still needs help with most personal care tasks. While Jeans been in hospital Bob has been supported by daily visits from home carers, however he is missing his outings as Jeans not been there to help him. Jean will be discharged from hospital next week and is worried about how they will manage. Suri is the hospital social worker and is going to meet jean later today to plan her discharge from hospital next week and her future care. Describe at least one individual using car services and explain at least two needs of this individual. Jean used to be an independent woman but after she had her stroke she has become more vulnerable and cant do all the daily tasks that she used to do like looking after Bob. Jeans basic essential physical needs are not being met completely. The stroke has caused her right-hand side of the body to become weaker and she also struggles to walk unsupported. Jean may have to be referred to a physiotherapist who would assess her abilities and draw up a treatment plan that will help Jean improve her muscle strength and help her to walk without the frame. An occupational therapist might also have to be introduced to assess her ability to carry out everyday tasks and may have to adapt her home to suit Jeans ability. Jean might struggle to keep a balanced diet up as she might find it hard to swallow some foods and may not be able to get access to pureed or easy to swallow food. The stroke could also be causing Jean to be extremely tired. She also might struggle to clean and dress herself and le t her good hygiene go down. Cognitive needs refer to the things that helps us to develop and maintain an active mind. Jeans stroke has cause her to have speech problems and will find it hard to communicate. She could be referred to a speech and language therapist who could do some exercises to improve the control over Jeans speech muscles. They could introduce her to some letter charts and using gestures and writing to communicate with others. Jeans memory will deteriorate as the stroke will have affected her brain. A care worker could introduce a diary or even just routines and involve her in the planning of this to help her out with daily tasks when she is discharged from hospital. Jean may also end up with dementia and if she does you could show her some family pictures or even find out what activities she used to do and encourage her to try some of them again or take her to some of her favourite places her and Bob used to go to. Without cognitive spurring, mental abilities will not develop or will deteriora te. Most of these functions will return after time and rehabilitation, but she will notice they do not return to what they used to be. Explain how two methods of assessment are used to identify needs of individuals. Needs are essential things in our lifes that we cannot live without. Needs can often be confused with wants. One way of assessing an individuals needs is using the SPECCS model. This is your social, physical, emotional, cognitive and cultural. All individuals have these types of needs. Social needs ae the need to have conversations and experience a variety of social relationships and how we interact with others. However, people who use care services may not be able to make these needs by their selfs. if they dont get any help they might not achieve a sense of acceptance and belonging and this may cause isolation and low self esteem. Physical needs refer to fresh air, food, water, warmth, shelter, hygiene, sleep and exercise. These are the basic physical needs that we need in our lives to promote wellbeing. Emotional needs are our feelings. We all experience different emotions including happiness, excitement, sadness and anxiety. Emotional needs include the need for love, security an d confidence. If we have these needs, we can express our feelings and people can also recognise them. Cognitive needs refer to our thought processes and how we make sense of the world. Cognitive abilities include the use of memory, thinking, understanding, communicating and making choices and decisions. Without these our mental abilities, will deteriorate. Care workers can play an important part in meeting an individuals cognitive needs by just even talking to them and giving opinions. The last one is cultural needs. This refers to values, beliefs language, gender, sexuality, clothing worn, and food eaten. It is important for the care worker to find out about the care users cultural needs and not make any assumptions about their culture. Another way of assessing an individuals needs is using Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. This theory is split into 5 sections. The stages in this theory are Biological and physiological needs, safety needs, belongings and love needs, esteem needs and self-actualisation.ÂÂ   Maslow believes that all humans are motivated towards achieving their full potential. He stated, People are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others. Our most basic need is for physical survival, and this will be the first thing that motivates our behaviour. Frustrated and unmet needs can lead to dysfunctional behaviour. Describe three features of positive care practice. At least one of these ways must include reference to values and principles. There are six principles to the National Care Standards, dignity, privacy, choice, safety, realising, potential and equality and diversity. Carers should value the service users and respect their space and own way of life. The service user also has the right to stop other people from seeing or knowing about their personal information. Choices help staff understand what range of options can be put in place for the user. Carers should be encouraging and help care service users to make the most of their life and achieving as much as they can with the resources available to them. In a positive care practice empowerment, should be used. All carers should help the service users to make their own choices and have some sort of control over their own lives. The carers could provide them with opportunities, information and support to help them do this. The SSSC have a code of practice to help gain a positive care practice. The code is set out in two parts. The first part if for the employers o f social service workers. Employer must make sure the social service workers are suitable for the job and help them understand their responsibilities and roles they will have. They also must have written policies in place to protect those who use the services and the carers. The employer must also promote the use of the code of practice to the social service workers. The second part is for the social service worker. They must protect and promote the rights and interests of the service users and treat them all as an individual. The worker must create trust and build confidence with the service users to allow them and you to be open and honest with each other. Promote the service users independence and help them understand their rights. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) have created a code of conduct to create a positive care practice. The nurse or midwife should be kind and respectful and putting the care and the safety of the patients first. They should also listen and take an y notes that may concern them and also respect their right to their dignity, privacy and choice and will share any information about the patients treatment or health in a way that they should be able to understand. They should always be paying attention to the patients wellbeing as well as their treatment and care. Describe how one care service creates a positive care environment. Give at least one example to explain how they meet the needs of individuals. Speirs Care Home, Beith creates a positive care environment by allowing the care service users to socialise in their lounge areas and provide spacious gardens for the users to relax in beautiful surroundings. They provide regular music entertainment for the users to allow them to have some sort of social life. They have a positive atmosphere in the care home and allow the community to be involved in their fair. They allow different types of care such as palliative care, respite care and convalescent care. The home also provide any transport the users need for going out and doctor appointments or even going out on day trips. They encourage the relatives to visit regularly to allow the users with alzheimers to familiarise their memory and hopefully try and help them not forget. Describe one way in which legislation helps promote a positive care environment. Care workers must comply with the legislation when they are carrying out work in a care environment to create a positive care environment. The legislation becomes a policy in the work place so, if the care workers fail to do this it could jeopardise their carer as legal action will be taken. The legislation is in place for the health and safety and their right to confidentiality as a care service user. Is also promotes health and wellbeing and equality of opportunity to promote a positive care practice. References http://www.carehome.co.uk/carehome.cfm/searchazref/20006048SPIA http://hub.careinspectorate.com/knowledge/national-care-standards/ https://www.nmc.org.uk/standards/code/ http://www.sssc.uk.com/about-the-sssc/codes-of-practice/what-are-the-codes-of-practice www.simplypyschology.org

Impact of the Discovery of Homo Floresiensis

Impact of the Discovery of Homo Floresiensis The discovery of Homo Floresiensis has profound implications for what it means to be human; it raises questions about the uniqueness of human lineage which is the foundation of our society and our religions. The three great problems for nineteenth century ethnology and prehistory were identified by Latham in Man and his Migrations (1851) as: the unity or non-unity of the human species; its antiquity; and its geographical origin. This shortlist has formed the basis for research into human origins ever since. The ambiguity surrounding each question has been reduced to every generation’s satisfaction, then thrown open again as changes in opinion about the world and its people have led to revisions. This cyclical process has provided the spur to fieldwork and the development of new techniques of classification, analysis and dating. Latham was writing at an interesting time in scientific progress of thought, eight years before the Origin of Species was published. This was the foundation text for the biogeography of Darwin and Wallace which accounted for the distribution of life on the plant. The importance of these studies was their contribution to the scientific investigation of variation via the principle of natural selection. Individuals were the units under selection with the evolutionary results measured by their differential reproductive contribution to the next generation. The notion of a cradle for mankind, a discrete geographical centre for human origins, is an ancient idea. The Garden of Eden is the best known example. Adam and Eve might be replaced, as they were in the last century, but the idea of an ancestral homeland continued. The study of human origins now starts from a very different set of assumptions than it did when Latham penned his three questions. It is also extremely well-informed about process and patterns in the data compared to 150 years ago. The celebration of progress has fallen from the agenda. Living peoples are no longer regarded as living representatives of a past which the Western world once possessed.   But for all these apparently fundamental changes the questions on the agenda remain the same. Why should the study of human evolution be restricted, because of the search for cradles, to some continents. What it means to be human The fascination with humanity’s African origins, singular or otherwise, remains unabated. Great strides in understanding the development of modern human beings are currently being taken at the very southern tip of Africa. While much of the press attention over the past few decades has been on the scholarly debate on whether humans evolved once in Africa, universally known as the Out of Africa theory, or several times all over the world, the multiregional hypothesis, a quiet revolution has occurred centred on what it means to be human (Stringer and Gamble, 1993). Within twentieth century archaeology and palaeontology, probably since the discovery of the Lascaux Caves in France, archaeologists have continually believed that, while anatomically modern Homo sapiens evolved somewhere between 100,000-150,000 years ago, humans didnt actually develop modern behaviours and thought processes until around 50,000-40,000 years ago (Wood, 1992). This event, known in some scientific circles as the creative explosion, was announced by what researchers saw as an abrupt blossoming of symbolic thought; the ability to identify and create representations of entities. Thus, according to the creative explosion theory, H. sapiens displayed a recognisable intelligence equivalent to other hominids of the time, identifiable by the cave artwork at Lascaux. Further evidence of the initiation of modern human behaviour is alleged to include fishing, the manufacture of bone tools, and the use of decoration. Following the initial interest in Africa during the early decades of the twentieth century, the majority of archaeological research moved to Europe. The overwhelming concentration on the visible prehistory of Europe, including both cave and portative artwork, resulted in a deficit of research into human origins in Africa. The research of the past forty years has indeed been remarkable in yielding up a great many fossil and cultural remains from a broad range of African environments. After a period of relative neglect, however, increasing attention was being given to the biological and behavioural changes that led to the evolution of H. sapiens, the last major even in human evolution.   The triumph of archaeological research into the earliest prehistory of Africa was trumpeted by the archaeologist Desmond Clark in the Huxley Memorial Lecture of 1974. Titles â€Å"Africa in prehistory: peripheral or paramount?† it pointed to the overwhelming evidence from Africa for the origi n of hominids, which overthrew the previous view â€Å"that the history of Europe is emphatically the prehistory of humanity.† (Clark,1975). Eventually, evidence of an earlier flourishing of the creative mind began to appear, south of the Zambezi River, and dated to the Mesolithic, the earliest date approximating 70,000 years ago. Similar artefact assemblages known as Howiesons Poort and Still Bay had been found at sites such as the Klasies River Caves, Boomplaas, and Die Kelders Cave I in South Africa (Grine et al., 2000). These sites included sophisticated bone tools, backed blades, a careful selection of raw material for stone tools and the use of a punch technique; however, most of these were controversial in one respect or another, until the discovery of Blombos Cave. Research into the Blombos Cave assemblages have been undertaken since 1991, and artefacts identified have include sophisticated bone and stone tools, fish bones, and an abundance of used ochre (Leakey and Lewin, 1993). Ochre has no known economic function, and it is virtually universally accepted as a source of colour for ceremonial, decorative purposes. The Blombos Cave layers containing used ochre are dated 70,000 to 80,000 years BP, and, in 2004, a cluster of deliberately perforated and red-stained shell beads dating to the Mesolithic was found (Aiello and Dean, 1990). Without any obvious practical purpose these artefacts are currently interpreted as personal ornaments or jewellery, possibly belonging to the occupants of Blombos. The most persuasive interpretation of these finds, and numerous others throughout Africa, within the parameters imposed by previous and current discoveries and research, is that the growth of the human symbolic thought was a slow process that continued t hroughout the Mesolithic in Africa. Symbolism, and its deliberate representation, is a phenomenon previously unidentifiable in any extant species other than H. sapiens, despite the genetic and predominantly behavioural similarity between humans and other primates, and can therefore be interpreted as a distinctly human trait (Spencer, 1876-96). Symbolism, in all its forms, however has not always been strictly the prerogative of H. sapiens.   Many investigators of Neanderthal culture believe that H. neanderthalensis was the earliest species of hominid to ritually bury their dead, and important evidence to support this statement originates from Shanidar Cave, located in the Zagros Mountains of northern Iraq (Solecki, 1971). Between 1951 and 1960, excavations in and around the mouth of the cave were undertaken, allowing the recovery of a range of Mousterian tools, and the analysis of eight burials, relating to the remains of seven adults and one child. While four of these individuals appear to have been killed by rockfalls, four others may have been deliberately buried (Gargett, 1989). Soil samples taken around one particular burial, known as Shanidar IV, revealed the presence of pollen grains and small amounts of vegetable matter. While there was very little pollen in most of the soil samples taken around the skeleton, two samples from the burial itself contained a large number of pollen grains representing a total of 28 plant species (Leakey and Lewin, 1993). This evidence was used to support the hypothesis that more than 50,000 years ago the body was deliberately and ritualistically buried on a bed of woody branches and flowers sometime during the months of May through July, during the blooming season for the plant species. Excavations of the cave over the next decade yielded cultural data as well as skeletal remains of Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthals and Proto-Neolithic modern humans, representing two periods renowned for the scarcity of such material (Solecki, 1975). According to subsequent research, the Neanderthal and Proto-Neolithic people of Shanidar Cave potentially followed culturally-defined methods for burying their dead in a base camp, possibly increasing the groups ties to a traditional home site. They practiced both primary burial (interment of a mostly intact body shortly after death) and secondary burial (final interment of disarrayed or isolated bones or of a body that had undergone some other burial process as a first stage) (Aiello and Dean, 1990). Offerings placed in the grave included bead ornaments and assumed favoured personal objects, but no obvious symbols of rank. The variety of materials included reveals an extensive long-distance exchange trade, and the mortuary practices are comparable to those of other contemporary Near Eastern cultures (Leakey and Lewin, 1993; Solecki et al., 2004). The material culture of the cave and the surrounding Zagros area is characterized by chipped stone industry and such innovations as a variety of ground stone tools, worked bone tools and abundant personal ornaments. These suggest growing cultural richness and elaboration, a semi-sedentary lifestyle and a mixed subsistence strategy based both on wild species of plants and animals and early domesticates (Gargett, 1989). Though the interpretation of deliberate and ritualistic H. neanderthalensis burials remains contentious, with opponents suggesting the presence of flower pollen within the grave is a result not of deliberate adornment of the corpse but of the accidental deposition of flower and plant matter from burrowing rodents, until the theory of ritualistic burial is conclusively disproved it remains a highly persuasive hypothesis for cross-species traits of ‘humanity’. Although much has been made of the Neanderthals burial of their dead, their burials were less elaborate than those of anatomically modern humans. The interpretation of the Shanidar IV burials as including flowers, and therefore being a form of ritual burial, potentially evidence for the acknowledgement of a theoretical afterlife, has been questioned (Sommer, 1999). In some cases Neanderthal burials include grave goods such as bison and aurochs bones, tools, and the pigment ochre. Neanderthals performed a sophisticat ed set of tasks normally associated with humans alone. For example, they constructed complex shelters, controlled fire, and skinned animals. Particularly intriguing is a hollowed-out bear femur with four holes in the diatonic scale deliberately bored into it. Estimated to date at approximately 43,ooo up to 82,ooo years old, this ‘flute’ was found in western Slovenia in 1995 near a Mousterian Era hearth used by Neanderthals. Its significance is still a matter of dispute, however, its perfect fit to bother modern and antique diatonic scales implies the deliberate manufacturing of a musical note making device (Aiello and Dean, 1990). Music beyond the percussive, in addition to ritual and symbolism, is another previously assumed trait of H. sapiens alone, and the Slovenian flute suggests a rethink of what it means to be human may be required. Similarly, the concept of prolonged care of community individuals is a trait usually attributed to the H. sapiens species. While other species present evidence of a rudimentary form of care, the deliberate attention paid to the prolonging of life of an individual with no primitive value to a community, such as providing nutrition to an elderly community member for an extended period of time, is peculiarity associated primarily with H. sapiens. It has been previously believed that this trait, in addition to being singular to the human race, can be interpreted as a definition of what it means to be human. However, similar to the evidence presented above, there has been strongly influential evidence of ‘care in the community’ from Neanderthal societies. Following a 6 year excavation season beginning in 1899, the site of the Krapina caves, Republic of Croatia, yielded a number of osteological Neanderthal specimens. Radiographs undertaken in 1997 indicated a number of surpris ing conclusions. While the overall picture of Neanderthal health, based on the radiographs, was impressive, not all the specimens showed perfect health. Archaeologists were able to document one of the earliest benign bone tumours ever discovered and identified, and one individual may have had a surgical amputation of his hand (Leakey and Lewin, 1993). In addition, several individuals had examples of osteoarthritis ranging in severity, and it is suggested that the extended survival of these individuals following surgery or the onset of debilitating arthropathies indicates a sophisticated level of care from the healthy population. Humans are a striking anomaly in the natural world. While we are similar to other mammals in many ways, our behaviour sets us apart. Our unparalleled ability to adapt has allowed us to occupy virtually every habitat on earth using an incredible variety of tools and subsistence techniques. Our societies are larger, more complex, and more cooperative than any other mammals. Evolutionists, and scientists from other fields of study, argue that only a Darwinian theory of cultural evolution can explain these unique characteristics. The twentieth century is offering a radical interpretation of human evolution, arguing that Homo sapiens ecological dominance and singular social systems stem from a psychology uniquely adapted to create complex culture. Richerson and Boyd (2004) illustrate that culture is neither superorganic nor the handmaiden of the genes. Rather, it is essential to human adaptation, as much a part of human biology as bipedal locomotion. Drawing on work in the fields of anthropology, political science, sociology, and economics, Richerson and Boyd (2004) convincingly attest that culture and biology are inextricably linked, and their interaction yields a richer understanding of human nature. Discovery of Homo floresiensis Currently, it is widely accepted that only one hominid genus, Homo, was present in Pleistocene Asia, represented by two species, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Both species are characterized by greater brain size, increased body height and smaller teeth relative to the Pliocene Australopithecus genus present in Africa (Brown et al., 2004). But it was the most spectacular fossil find of a generation that has marked twentieth century studies into human evolution. The discovery that a mysterious and apparently ingenious human species may have shared the planet with our own less than 15,000 years ago captured the imagination of palaeontologists and public alike. Excavations at Liang Bua, a large limestone cave on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia, have yielded evidence for a population of tiny hominids, sufficiently distinct anatomically to be assigned to a new species, Homo floresiensis (Morwood et al., 2004). An excavation team under the leadership of Australian and Indonesian scientists have unearthed the remains of eight human beings of relatively restricted stature and reduced brain volume, comparative to previously understood parameters for anatomically modern humans. In recognition of the combination of primitive and derived features, and their subsequently assumed status as a species distinct from Homo sapiens, the fossils were ascribed the name Homo floresiensis (Flores Man) after the island on which they were discovered. One skeleton, estimated to be that of a woman in her 30s and calculated to be approximately 18,000 years old, was only 1 metre tall, and the endocranial volume of the skeleton in question was a mere 380 cc, significant as it may be regarded as small even for a chimpanzee (Beals et al., 1984) and equal to the smallest-known australopithecines (Brown, et al., 2004). Investigations into the specimens, estimated to belong to at least eight individuals, show that H. floresiensis inhabited the cave at Liang Bua for an extended period of time ranging between 95,000 and 12,000 years ago. The common opinion of the archaeologists responsible for examining the tools and animal bones unearthed in the cave is that H. floresiensis individuals exhibited complex behaviour requiring the capacity for speech, and can therefore be regarded as social and intelligent human beings with creative ability. Stones carved and sharpened for particular purposes, and animal bones discovered in the cave, indicate t hat these people were successful hunters, capable of catching animals larger than themselves, and associated deposits contain stone artefacts and animal remains, including Komodo dragon and an endemic, dwarfed species of Stegodon. There has been some speculation that the stone tools found with it were actually made by Homo sapiens, mainly because it is hard to believe a creature with such a small brain could make such sophisticated stone tools. There is no other evidence in support of this, however, and if it were not for the small brain size, there would be no hesitation about assuming floresiensis made the tools because of the close association between the tools and the fossils. The same tools are found through the entire deposit (from 90,000 to 13,000 years ago) and, interestingly, they are not like any stone tools made by Homo erectus (Kaifu et al., 2005). The finds comprise the cranial and some post-cranial remains of one individual, as well as a premolar from another individual in older deposits. Dating by radiocarbon (C14), luminescence, uranium-series and electron spin resonance (ESR) methods indicates that H. floresiensis existed from before 38,000 years ago (kyr) until at least 18  kyr (reference). It is alleged, with much research still yet to be undertaken, that H. floresiensis originated from an early dispersal of Homo erectus, including specimens referred to as Homo ergaster and Homo georgicus, that reached Flores, and then survived on this island refuge until relatively recently. The most likely explanation for its existence on Flores is long-term isolation, with subsequent endemic dwarfing. H. floresiensis overlapped significantly in time with Homo sapiens in the region, however, interactions between the two species currently remain unknown. Importantly, H. floresiensis shows that the genus Homo is morphologically more va ried and flexible in its adaptive responses than previously thought (reference). The finds further demonstrate that H. floresiensis was not simply an aberrant or pathological individual, thereby interpretable as anomalous and inconsequential within the field of human evolution, but is representative of a long-term population that was present on the island for approximately 80,000 years. According to the dwarfism scenario, it is assumed that the H. floresiensis line descended from Homo erectus. The justification for that belief, however, is currently experiencing much debate within the archaeological academic arena, and relies on the comparison between tool assemblages uncovered from the Liang Bua cave, and thus associated with H. floresiensis, and a series of assemblages reported by Morwood in 1998, and dating to approximately 800,000 BP (Morwood et al., 1998). The similarities between these assemblages resulted in the assumption that H. floresiensis was a descendent of the manufacturer of the older collection of tools, H. erectus. H. floresiensis facial anatomy also generally resembles that of H. erectus, and, in addition, the East Asia region in which the island lies is one of the regions where H. erectus was extant for a long period. One article published in Science journal in 1996 listed evidence that H. erectus had survived on Java, an Indonesian island like Fl ores, until as recently as 27,000 years ago. (Swisher et al., 1996) Implications: Society, religion and politics Despite an academic and generic fascination with the process of human evolution, the creationist arguments in disagreement with evolutionary research remain influential. According to many creationist proponents, the reason why scientists have elected to give the fossils in question the name H. floresiensis is that researchers, who have accepted the idea that humans initially developed through evolution, cannot afford to imply a hypothesis that does not accord with the evolutionary ‘myth’ they have presented. Evolutionists are accused of naming ‘old human races’ by a methodology that relies on exaggerated interpretation of the variations presented between hominids, and in comparison with anatomically modern man, and thus results the declaration of the fossils as a new species. According to current creationist advocates, the H. floresiensis fossils are also a product of this methodology, and their description as a new species rests solely on evolutionist †˜preconceptions’. Predominant creationists have gone further to attest that the description of H. floresiensis as a new human species provides no support at all for the theory of evolution, but, on the contrary, reveals how forced the claims regarding it actually are (reference). The concept of the biological species is used in the present day for organisms included in the same category that are able to mate and successfully produce healthy offspring. This definition is based on mutual reproducibility as setting out the boundary criterion between species. According to creationist proponents, however, there is no means of knowing, simply by analysing and categorising the fossilised bones of organisms that lived in the past, which were able to reproduce with which. Classification based on degrees of similarities between bones, and the variations exhibited among these, may not reveal scientifically definite conclusions as some species, such as the dog, exhibit wide variation, others, such as the cheetah, are known to exhibit only narrow variation. Accordingly, when fossils belonging to extinct species are discovered, creationists attest, the variation observed may stem from one of two reasons. This variation either belongs to a species exhibiting wide variation or to a few separate species exhibiting narrow variation, yet there is no way of knowing which of the two actually applies. Indeed, Alan Walker, palaeoanthropologist and evolutionist, admits this fact by claiming that one cannot know whether or not a fossil is representative of the community to which it belongs. He further states that one cannot know whether it comes from one of the ends of the species range, or from somewhere in the middle (Locke, 1999). Evolutionists define the H. floresiensis fossils as a separate species, and regard its small endocranial volume and short skeleton as characteristics of that species. However, creationists contest this by asserting that individuals may not carry all the features in the population gene pool, and, therefore, the features exhibited by individuals may not be those generally exhibited in a given population. Therefore, the smaller the quantity of fossils analysed the greater the risk of error in assuming that their features are those of the general population. Locke (1999) has elucidated this with a simple analogy: if a palaeoanthropologist of the future discovers bones belonging to a professional basketball player, then twenty-first century man may well seem to have been a giant species. He further stated that if the skeleton belongs to a jockey, on the other hand, then humans will seem to have been short and lightweight bipeds (Locke, 1999). According to creationists, therefore, the defi nition of H. floresiensis as a separate species based on its small brain volume and short skeleton, and the assumption that all individuals possessed those same features, is a mistake, and that these fossils may well be regarded as variations seen in old human races living at that time. In relative support for the creationist viewpoint, the real surprise for evolutionists came from learning that a hominid with such a small brain volume lived not millions of years ago but only 18,000 years BP. Chris Stringer, from Londons Natural History Museum, admits this surprise to the archaeological community; that the very existence of a creature with a brain the size of a chimpanzees, but apparently a tool-maker and hunter, and perhaps descended from the worlds first mariners, illustrates how little is currently known about human evolution (Wood, 1992). Peter Brown, one of the leaders of the research team at Liang Bua, describes the bewilderment within academic circles as a result of the cranial measurements, and admits that H. floresiensis is totally incompatible with evolutionary accounts; that small stature is easy to accommodate within the evolutionary theories, but small brain size is a bigger problem to account for. According to the creationist theory advocates, the evol utionists own statements reflect the ‘heavy blow’ the fossil in question has dealt to the ‘illusory’ scenario of human evolution (Wood, 1992). The confusion with regards to the interpretations of H. floresiensis is not restricted to the disparities in hypotheses between evolutionists and creationists. Scientists have been unravelling the mysteries of when early hominids first left Africa, where they went, how many hominid species there were, and how they relate to modern humans, for more than a century. The H. erectus skull recently found in Indonesia adds a valuable piece to the fossil record, but scientists differ about where it fits in the human family tree. One particular specimen of cranium, known as Sambungmacan 4 (Sm 4), was found in the Sambungmacan district of central Java, Indonesia. It is that of a middle-aged or slightly younger male Homo erectus who had probably suffered and recovered from head wounds. Two partial skulls and the fragment of a tibia had previously been discovered in the area. It is assumed that H. erectus, and perhaps other early hominid species, began leaving Africa approximately 2 million year s ago, and fossil remains have been found in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, indicating a widespread global distribution of individuals and communities. In addition to the media-friendly discovery of H. floresiensis, given the moniker of â€Å"The Hobbit† by the press, Indonesia, an island nation in southeast Asia, is the site of some of the earliest Homo erectus remains yet found. The relatively abundant fossil material provides scientists with an opportunity to study the evolution of the species and how it relates to modern humans. Anthropologists from the National Science Museum in Tokyo, analyzed the Sm 4 skull using digital visualization techniques, and compared it with other skulls found in Java. It is argued that morphological characteristics of early H. erectus in Java, represented by fossil finds from Trinil/Sangiran, more closely resemble those of modern humans (Baba et al., 2003). Fossil material from Ngandong, which has been dated to anywhere between 25,000 to 50,000 years old, suggests that Java H. erectus had gone off on an evolutionary tangent of its own, developing distinct features that are not shared by modern humans. It is concluded by this research that Javanese populations became progressively more isolated from other Asian H. erectus populations, and made minimal contributions to the ancestry of modern humans (Kaifu et al., 2005). At one time scientists considered it possible that modern humans were the direct descendants of Asian Homo erectus. That idea has been discarded by many scientists who now think that while African H. erectus may be ancestral to H. sapiens, Asian H. erectus was an evolutionary dead end, similar to earlier theories regarding H. neanderthalensis, rather than the immediate precursor to modern humans (Kaifu et al., 2005). However, debate continues and other specialists believe that the African version of H. erectus is dissimilar enough to belong in a separate species category called Homo ergaster. The geological complexity of the Indonesian islands makes precise dating of the fossil material difficult and controversial. Fossils found at Trinil and Sangiran range in age from approximately 1.8 million years old to maybe as young as 780,000 years old (Swisher et al., 1996). Comparatively, fossils found at Ngandong have been dated at approximately 50,000 years old. The Sm 4 specimen is believ ed to fit somewhere between these two groups in age, and therefore may be contemporary with H. sapiens.   The uncertainty of Sm 4s age lies in part with current disagreement as to whether or not all fossils from Sambungmacan represent a single fauna or are composites being derived from various age strata. Whether there is enough difference between the early fossils and the later fossils that they should be considered two separate species or a sub-species is also controversial. Based on variations in skull shape, and a lack of diversity among Javanese populations living 25,000 to 50,000 years ago, it has been concluded that Sm 4 is a transitional form, an evolutionary step taking the later Javanese populations farther away from classical Homo erectus remains found at Trinil and Sangiran (Baba et al., 2003). However, this conclusions is debated on the basis that the larger brain sizes of later materials, fossils dated at 25,000 to 50,000 years ago, are different enough that they sho uld be considered a different species or at least sub-species. Sm 4 phenotypically appears to be a lot of the other material found in Indonesia. The material is morphologically very consistent, and shows continuity within Indonesian Homo erectus. There are some features, particularly around the jaw joint that may be unique to the Ngandong fossils, however it is not clear whether the features are taxonomically significant or useful as species indicators (Baba et al., 2003).The disparities in the skulls seen in Indonesia may be a function of normal variability in any species, illustrated particularly well when considering the variations in height between ‘normal’ humans and those suffering from achondroplasia; both remain within the species of H. sapiens, however difference in stature can be remarkable. The claim by Desmond Morris, that the existence of â€Å"The Hobbit†, or H. floresiensis should destroy religion (Tattersall, 1986), is one which has been made before. Indeed, Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist, still cannot understand why religion survived Darwin (Tattersall, 1986). Yet as science progresses, despite the decline of allegiance to traditional Christian churches in Western Europe, religion continues to grow world-wide in many different forms. Contemporary science, far from solving every question, often highlights the big questions which are central to human existence. This is the case with the discovery of LB1, the 18,000-year-old specimen of the new species Homo floresiensis. The find of this so-called Hobbit on Flores Island excites many academics within many fields, not least archaeology and theology, as it poses the unresolved question of what it means to be human. LB1 becomes part of this contemporary question alongside developments in science, su

Religion in the Military of Ancient Greece :: Army Greeks History Rituals Papers

Religion in the Military of Ancient Greece The Ancient Greeks held their religion to be a personal experience, to be practiced by the common man on a daily basis. Thus, it comes as no surprise to read in the historical works of the period that the people also relied on religion to aid them in military matters. This paper will give historical examples of the people's reliance on the deities and attempt to explain the psychological necessity of these rituals. An examination will be made of the typical forms of rituals, and cite their effects, whether ill or benign, on the military endeavors of the peoples in the age of the Ancient Greeks. RITE OF PASSAGE Many people who experience battle for the first time find themselves panicked, totally unprepared for the horrors of war. Waging war is not a task for the inexperienced civilian. As a result, religious rituals were formed that would brace the aspiring warrior for the obscenities he would face as well as fill him with a sense of obligatory duty through ritual ordaination. Walter Burkert's Greek Religion gives ample detail on the subject: Crete is also the place where myth localizes the Kouretes, who by their name are just young warriors.

Consequence of Artificial Light Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Consequence of Artificial Light Our world is an ever changing place, in the last 100 years we have seen more technological advances than ever in the preceding years of history. We have built computers, gone to the moon, developed x-rays, microwaves, telephones, and the incandescent light. A seemingly small invention, the light has forever placed its mark not only on the human race, but on the earth itself. In pictures taken from space, we can see that much of the world is lit 24 hours a day, which begs the question: is that much light good for us? It is not an easy question to answer, but in this essay, I hope to examine some of the history that has brought us to the situation that we are in as well as some of the possible solutions to try and cope with a world that has become addicted to never-ending light. As our knowledge of the world grows, so too does our understanding of the health hazards that excessive light during the night can bring to the human body, and this understanding has led to many interesting discoveries. The search for medical understanding that too much light in the dark hours is poor for health was begun by astronomers who were dismayed at the growing loss of darkness in the night sky, but has quickly grown to include, medical researchers, city planners as well as average people in the community that are unhappy with the excessive amount of light that is prevalent today. One of the major discoveries that have been made in recent history is the finding of a photo receptor that sets circadian rhythms1. Cryptochrome is a protein that is sensitive to blue light, and it is theorized that in the morning and evenings, when blue light is most prevalent, this protein helps humans adjust their internal... ...roduce into our lives and culture, the more problems begin to arise, it is time that some major steps need to be taken to help stop this problem, and I hope that some of the solutions outlined above will be a good start. References: 1:http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1998-11/BU-TBSS-231198.php 2:http://www.peerless-lighting.com/p20_body.htm 3:http://library8.municode.com/gateway.dll/RI/rhode%20island/875? f=templates&fn=default.htm&npusername=11458&nppassword=MCC&npac_credentialspresent =true&vid=default 4:http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/pollprev/lighting/outdoor.htm 5:http://www.turtles.org/threats.htm 6:http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/NightLights.html 7:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=f1000&cmd=Retrieve&db=P ubMed&list_uids=12495746&dopt=Abstract 8:http://www.darksky.org/infoshts/is012.html

Thai Elephants and Its Significant

The elephant, the giant size animal with enormous power and gentle heart, is a living creature that have special place in Thai’s heart. It has been the icon of Thai tradition, culture and royal power through centuries since the old Siam. The thousand and thousand years of relationship between Thai people and elephants are even recorded and can be found abundantly on the pages of Thai’s historical book. Because of their long association, it surely can be said that Thailand is to elephants and elephants is to Thailand. The elephant has been an integral part of Thailand’s history and culture through both good time and war time. It is a symbol of tradition, history, royal, fortune and superstition. According to Buddhist legend, Queen Maya of Sakya, Lord Buddha’s mother, was dreamed that a divine Bodhisattva on white elephant touched her side. Later she became pregnant. This is why elephants are place in high esteem and reverence to Thai people, and white elephants are representing as high dignity and majesty. Therefore, the white elephant was a national emblem on Siam’s national flag. Moreover, the elephants are on Thai’s stamps, Navy flag, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, coins, architectures, Buddhist art, temples and many more. The country annually celebrates the 13th of March as Elephant Day. In general, elephants are the largest land animal that exists now. They are great in size with enormous strength, intelligent, and gentle creature. Elephants are highly socialized animals. They live in forests, grassland and scrub with their family herds and friends. The life span of elephants is closely equal to human beings, approximately 70-100 years. The elephant’s gestation period is between 18 to 22 months. Elephants become sexually mature at the age of 16 as their early teens. A mature male elephant of age 20 is usually stay in pairs or a group of three. There is a hierarchy in elephant, the dominant adult male elephant with experience and strength is established and gain respect from their younger elephants in the group. The older female with years of accumulated knowledge is respected by the female members. The prime life of elephants that reach the peak of their physical power is between the ages of 25-40. They begin to slow down after the age of 40 and set in approximately at the age of 55. They normally live for 80 years or more. Elephants are herbivorous. They enjoy a variety of vegetation like bamboo, grasses, trees, plant leaves and fruits. A mature elephant can consume up to 200-300 kilograms of food and 60 gallons of water a day. Elephants are the kind of animal that love affection and attention. They have a gentle hearts and value friendship. Thai elephants have shared history with Thai people in traditional and cultural ways since the days of old Siam. Historically, elephants were people main transportation, labor and warfare. Based on historical recorded, elephants are supreme importance in the battlefield. The most renowned elephant war was 300 years ago between Thai and Burma. They were used as the main source of army with fully plate amours. In elephant dual, commanders would sit on elephants’ backs and combat adversaries. In the battlefield of the late 17th century, there were as many of 20,000 war elephants in Siam’s army. There were four renowned war elephant in Thai’s history as follows: the battle between King Ramkhamhaeng and Khun Sam Chon during Sukhothai era, Chao Aye Phraya and Chao Yee Phraya in early Ayuthaya era, Queen Srisuriyothai and Pharachao Prae, a Burmese commander in Ayuthaya Era, and King Naresuan and the Burmese Crown Prince in Ayuthaya Era. Recently, the films called ‘Srisuriyothai’ and â€Å"King Naresuan† were made. War elephants were included as an important part of the movies. The importance of Thai elephants is not only for the used in battlefields. Elephants are also the prestige animals to Thai’s Kings, specifically white elephants. A white elephant is a symbol of royal power. It features King’s power and monarch by numbers. It is believed that the more white elephants held to the King, the more King’s power in the adversaries. However, a white elephant is rare and is registered as the private property of reigning Monarch when they once found. It represents auspicious and the king’s prestige. White elephants are known as Royal elephants. It is noted that H. M. King Bhumibol also has stables of white elephants. The white elephant was also featured in the Siam national flag until the country had changed the name to Thailand. In the old days when the nation was not occupied with wars, elephants became the use of beast of burden. With their great size, enormous power and talent, elephants were capable as best carrier for heavy matters and human’s transportation. Not long ago, elephants are used for the forest work where machines are not determined as best equipments. The labor of elephants is preferred as they would not devastate even small crops. In fact, they were required years of training start from the age of 4 and were trained by two mahouts for about twenty years, and then put to work in the timber industry. Working elephants have a career of about 50 years and then set free as their retirement at the age of 61. Their daily tasks were the extraction of heavy teak logs, haul logs, carrier and mountaineer. The working elephant is capable of lifting up 700 kilograms of log with tusks and dragging the load of 1. 5 tons. Elephants have work schedule and future career just like we do. Due to the ban of logging industries from Thai’s government in 1989, the elephants’ situation came to the downside. Thousands of them were thrown out of work. Moreover, the deforestation and the decrease of forest surface due to the big increase in human population affected the habitat loss of elephants. Many elephants died from starvation. The number of poaching for elephants’ body was also increasing continually. The above causation led to the dramatic drop in numbers of elephants in Thailand over the past hundred years. In the early 20th century, there were the numbers of approximately 300,000 elephants compare to the numbers of approximately 3,000 elephants that extinct today. Thai elephants are in the severest situation. Nowadays, several projects and conservation are constituted to preserve wild life elephants. The project of bring elephants home is to support elephants in Thailand as well as their mahouts and families who depend mostly on elephants for survival. These organizations are trying to gather as many numbers of elephants in the area, training them, and recruiting them new jobs. Elephants are reemployed mainly for tourist’s entertainment. The elephant show is what they are currently doing in the Thai Elephant Conservation Center in Lampang, the Elephant Nature Park in Chiang Mai and the Khao Yai National Park for example. Elephants will be train to entertain tourists. Thanks for their innate intelligence, elephants can do various kinds of sports and games such as drawing picture, playing football, dancing, racing, trekking, logging, and caravan. They love games and music. The elephant show attracts great numbers of visitors from Thai and foreign countries. However, there are some elephants sent to the forest and mountain to learn how to work. No matter how elephants have always been loved to Thai people, there are numbers of elephants have been sent abroad recently. According to news, Thai government had export 8 elephants to China. Another eight elephants were export to Australian zoos in 2006. It is claimed that elephants were sent for research and development purpose. Australia bought 8 elephants for a breeding program of endangered species. However, there were controversy and protest from animal rights activists before the elephants’ journey to new home. Last year, one of the eight elephants gave birth to a new male baby born elephant at Sydney’s Taronga zoo. And there are two female elephants on gestation. The shrinkage of forest areas in Thailand seems to be initial problems to the current situation of Thai elephants. 70 percent of the forest areas disappeared in less than a century. Even though, logging was banned in 1989. There is still ongoing illegal logging. The forest devastation affects elephants’ habitat and inadequate food for survival. Daily high consumption of elephants threatened the owner and themselves. This situation leads the problem of elephants roaming in the city street for money by their owners. Nevertheless, there are more problems that threaten the numbers of elephants and put elephants in endangered species. Illegal poaching for elephants’ live capture, tusks, calves, ivories, meat and other part of the body for trade and medical use are definitely severe threats as it can also distort sex ratios in the population and affect reproduction. Moreover, there is the conflict issue between human and elephants on the protected areas. When human population have been increasing, forest areas have been destruction for farms, settlements, and other facilities to serve human needs. Starved elephants enter the new protected areas that used to be their forests and hunt for food on human’s crops and other agricultural plants. They cause damage to human’s properties. Later, human try to protect their farmlands from the invaded elephants. Sadly, the protection is resulting in elephant’s capture, poison, electrocution and shooting. There are many research and report done by conservationists to reduce the impact and mainly to preserve the giant living creature from the soon extinct. Currently, Wild elephants in Thailand are on the protected species under the Protection of Wildlife Conservation Act 1992. But it doesn’t seem to be enough action according to the reducing numbers of elephants. The population of wild elephants is decreasing continually whereas the population of domesticated elephants is increasing. Therefore, wild elephants should be put on endangered species list. This is to protect them from poaching and commercial purpose. Same as domesticated elephants that are currently under the Beast of Burden Act, they should be considering remove from the Beast of Burden Act and replace with the Protection of Wildlife Conservation Act 1992. Restriction of the ownership transfer should be considering as well. It can protect future trading. Regular elephants’ Medicare, food and veterinary are necessary and need to be provide by government or organizations to solve the loss problem. It is because the nurture cost for elephants is relatively high and most elephants’ owners are poor, then they could not afford the high cost. It is time to put elephant’s monitoring in systematic. The record of birth, transfer, breeding and death should be strictly report to keep the most accuracy track on elephants’ situation. The one widely seen problem of elephants is the mahout’s roaming elephants on the city street. It should be strictly ban to protect elephants from sickness and accident. Also, Mahouts should be provided with appropriate jobs, therefore they would not bring elephants to the city street. New elephants’ habitat is important and need to be processed in suitable areas. It is suggested by Thai Elephant Research and Conservation Funds, TERF, that Thai need new elephant law. The law should be in serious condition and long term conservation for both wild and domesticated elephants. At present, wild elephants in Thailand are protected under national law and the CITES treaty which involve the prohibition of ivory trade. It is obvious that Thailand’s long national emblem of power and peace is in severe condition. The modernization of the country that replaces the old traditional way of living may favor Thai people in 20th centuries. Unfortunately, it doesn’t seem to be the same favor given to elephants. The awakening is needed to preserve the living magnificent and generous animal of the country’s liberated heroes from the extinction. How Thai can be proud with the loss of national emblem. Next generations of the next would not delight to see their unsung hero through the historical text books or elsewhere. Elephants, friends of ours, need abruptly attention and great concerned. Elephant is to Thailand and Thailand needs elephants. It is not only for the history, but it’s for the future of the nations and eternity.

Jails and Prisons Essay

Jails and prisons are corrective institutions which are meant to curb criminal activities in the society. They are also meant to punish the offenders. Prisons execute imprisonment which involves legal penalties. Jails and prisons should basically be aimed at punishing and rehabilitating the offender so as he/she will not repeat the crime which he/she was convicted of. The federal spending on correctional activities has also been gradually increasing. In the recent past federal government has been enhancing its efforts to improve jails and prisons conditions as a sign of recognizing some human rights entitled to criminals. Nowadays, those serving imprisonment sentences can access various facilities. These include religious services, education facilities, and recreational facilities in the exercise yard. The prisoners’ health is also well taken care of. Prisoners are also trained and imparted with some skills which may be helpful in their future life. In our contemporary prisons, prisoners are provided with entertainment facilities such as pool tables and TV. (Cavadino & Dignan 2006) USA jails and prisons are both meant to rehabilitate and punish the offenders. Rehabilitation is an effective method of ensuring no re-offence so as to reduce the number of prisoners’ population. This program seeks to address the casual links to offending, and employ cognitive behavioral approach towards modifying the prisoners’ behaviors. Counselors are used to ensure success of such programs. Those involved in use of prohibited substances and a number of civil crimes are usually rehabilitated. On the other hand, some criminal activities necessitate punishments such as fines, strokes and capital punishment. Capital punishment is applied to serious criminal activities such as terrorism, espionage, treason or mass destruction. (McGuire 2002; Cavadino & Dignan 2006)